Necessity of Implementing Advertising Literacy Programs in Preschool Curricula in Debt-Ridden Greecechool Curricula in Debt-Ridden Greece
Article Main Content
This research is framed by the principles of liberating education, according to which education is political and members of the community have the opportunity to change themselves through critical consciousness. In this context, we explore childhood consumerism in debt-ridden Greece based on nationwide quantitative research conducted through questionnaires. The sample was 320 parents of kindergarten students attending private and public kindergartens of Greece, stratified by income. According to the results, advertisements affect not only children but also the parents and the family as a whole. The results demonstrate the need and desire of parents that preschoolers develop resistance to marketing techniques. We propose teaching resistance to children and their families by including advertising literacy, a branch of media education, in pre-school education curricula. This implementation will help develop students’ critical thinking skills, empower adults, transform society, and reinforce democracy for a fairer childhood.
References
-
Alanen, L. (2001). Explorations in generational analysis. In L. Alanen & B. Mayall (Eds.), Conceptualizing child-adult relations (pp. 11–22). Routledge Flamer.
Google Scholar
1
-
Ambert, A. (1994). An International Perspective on Parenting: Social Change and Social Constructs. Journal of Marriage and Family, 56, 529–43.
Google Scholar
2
-
Ambler, T. (2007). Response to 'International food advertising, pester power and its effects. International Journal of Advertising. 26. 2837–286.
Google Scholar
3
-
Arapoglou, V., and Gounis, K. (2015). Poverty and Homelessness in Athens: Governance and the Rise ofan Emergency Model of Social Crisis Management. Hellenic Observatory Papers on Greece and SoutheastEurope. GreeSE Paper No. 90. ISE, http://www.lse.ac.uk/europeanInstitute/research/hellenicObservatory/CMS%20pdf/Publications/GreeSE/GreeSE_No90.pdf.
Google Scholar
4
-
Atkin, C. K. (1975a). Survey of pre-adolescent’s responses to television commercials: The effects of television advertising on children (Report No. 6). Michigan State University. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED116820.
Google Scholar
5
-
Atkin, C. K. (1975b). Survey of children’s and mothers’ responses to television commercials. The effects of television advertising on children (Report No. 8). Michigan State University. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED123675.
Google Scholar
6
-
Atkin, C. K. (1980). Effects of television advertising on children. In E. L. Palmer, & A. Dorr (Eds.), Children and the faces of television: Teaching, violence, selling ( pp. 287–305). Academic Press.
Google Scholar
7
-
Atkin, C., K. (1978). Observation of parent-child interaction in supermarket decision-making. Journal of Marketing, 42(4), 41–5.
Google Scholar
8
-
Bakir, A., Vitell, S.J. (2010). The Ethics of Food Advertising Targeted Toward Children: Parental Viewpoint. J Bus Ethics, 91, 299–311, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0084-2.
Google Scholar
9
-
Beck, D. and Purcell, R. (2010). Popular Education Practice for Youth and Community Development Work. Series: Empowering youth and community work practice. Learning Matters.
Google Scholar
10
-
Ben-Arieh, A. (2005). Where are the children? Children’s role in measuring and monitoring their well-being. Social Indic, 74(3), 573–596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-004 4645-6.
Google Scholar
11
-
Blades, B., Gunter, B., and Oates, C. (2005). Advertising to children on TV. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Google Scholar
12
-
Bougioukos, G. (2011). The consequences of economic crises on children and their rights. In Daskalakis, D. & Givalos, M. (eds.) Childhood and Children’s Rights. Livani Publications.
Google Scholar
13
-
Bourdieu P (1984). Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste (trans. R Nice). Harvard University Press.
Google Scholar
14
-
Buijzen, M. (2007). Reducing children’s susceptibility to commercials: Mechanisms of factual and evaluative advertising interventions. Media Psychology, 9(2), 411–430.
Google Scholar
15
-
Buijzen, M., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2000). The impact of television advertising on children’s Christmas wishes. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44, 456–470.
Google Scholar
16
-
Buijzen, M., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2003a). The effects of television advertising on materialism, parent Child conflict, and unhappiness: A review of research. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 24(4), 437–456.
Google Scholar
17
-
Buijzen, M., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2003a). The effects of television advertising on materialism, parent Child conflict, and unhappiness: A review of research. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 24(4), 437–456.
Google Scholar
18
-
Burroughs, J., & Rindfleisch, A. (2002). Materialism and well‐being: A conflicting values perspective. Journal of Consumer Research, 29(3), 348–370. https://doi.org/10.1086/344429.
Google Scholar
19
-
Cohen, R., (1992). Hardship Britain: Being Poor in the 1990s.Child Poverty Action Group.
Google Scholar
20
-
Common Sense Media (2020). The Common Sense Census: Media Use by Kids Age Zero to Eight. https://www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/uploads/research/2020_zero_to_eight_census_final_web.pdf.
Google Scholar
21
-
Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., & Martin, M. J. (2010). Socioeconomic status, family processes, and individual development. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72, 685–704.
Google Scholar
22
-
Cornish, L.. (2014). Mum, can I play on the internet? Parents’ understanding, perception and responses to online advertising designed for children. International Journal of Advertising, 33(3), 437–73.
Google Scholar
23
-
Cradock, G. ( 2007). The Responsibility Dance: Creating Neoliberal Children. Childhood, 14, 153–72.
Google Scholar
24
-
Cunningham, H. (1995). Children and Childhood in Western Society since 1500. Longman.
Google Scholar
25
-
Daskalakis, D. (2015). Crisis, Childhood and Children’s Rights: Α Modern Sociological Approach. International Journal of Social Pedagogy – Special Issue ‘Social Pedagogy in Times of Crisis in Greece’ 4(1), 165–176. https://doi.org/10.14324/111.444.ijsp.2015.v4.1.012.
Google Scholar
26
-
Davies, B., & Bansel., P. (2007). Neoliberalism and Education. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 16, 883–86.
Google Scholar
27
-
Dean, J., (2009). Democracy and Other Neoliberal Fantasies: Communicative Capitalism and Left Politics. Durham: Duke University Press.
Google Scholar
28
-
Del Mar Pamies, M.,Ryan, G., and Valverde, M. (2016). How intervention can empower children as consumers in dealing with advertising. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 40(5), 601–9.
Google Scholar
29
-
Doyle Roche, M. (2009). Children, Consumerism, and the Common Good. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Google Scholar
30
-
Eagle, L. (2007). Commercial media literacy. Journal of Advertising, 36(2), 101–110.
Google Scholar
31
-
Elliott, R. and Leonard, C. (2004). Peer pressure and poverty: exploring fashion brands and consumption symbolism among children of the British poor. Journal of Consumer Behavior, 3(4), 347–60.
Google Scholar
32
-
Elstat. (2020). Income and Living Conditions Survey of Householdsin Greece. https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/14632616/%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%A6%CF%84%CF%8E%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82+%28+2019+%29.pdf/30f0529c-ba53-e260-f1dc-cd35d6b6530a.
Google Scholar
33
-
European Court of Auditors. (2020). Fight against child poverty, Special Report.https://www.eca.europa.eu/Lists/ECADocuments/SR20_20/SR_child_poverty_EL.pdf.
Google Scholar
34
-
Eurostat (2016). Children at risk of poverty or social exclusion (AROPE). Data sets. Figshare.
Google Scholar
35
-
Eurostat, (2019). Unemployment statistics and beyond, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Unemployment_statistics_and_beyond.
Google Scholar
36
-
Evans, N., Carlson, L., and Hoy. M., G. (2013). Coddling Our Kids: Can Parenting Style Affect Attitudes Toward Advergames? Journal of Advertising, 42 (2–3): 228–40.
Google Scholar
37
-
Feldman, S., & Wolf, A., & Warmouth, D. (1977). Parental Concern about Child‐Directed Commercials. Journal of Communication, 27, 125–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1977.tb01808.x.
Google Scholar
38
-
Foucault, M. (1972). Archaeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language, Pantheon Books, New York.
Google Scholar
39
-
Foucault, M. (1977) Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Allen Lane.
Google Scholar
40
-
Foucault, M. (1988). Technologies of the Self. In L. H. Martin, H. Gutman, & P. H. Hutton (Eds.), Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault (pp. 16-49). University of Massachusetts Press.
Google Scholar
41
-
Galst, J., & White, M. (1976). The unhealthy persuader: The reinforcing value of television and children’s purchase—influencing attempts at the supermarket. Child Development, 47, 1089–1096.
Google Scholar
42
-
Garcia, A., & Seglem, R., & Share, J. (2013). Transforming Teaching and Learning Through Critical Media Literacy Pedagogy. Learning Landscapes, 6, 109–124. https://doi.org/10.36510/learnland.v6i2.608.
Google Scholar
43
-
Gordon, C., S.,Jones, S., C., Kervin, L., and Lee, J., K. (2016). Empowering students to respond to alcohol advertisements: Results from a pilot study of an Australian media literacy intervention. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 40(3), 231–2.
Google Scholar
44
-
Greek Government, Law 4521/2018 (2018, March 2nd). Two years compulsory pre-primary education attendance. Government Gazette, (Α),(38), p. 5894.
Google Scholar
45
-
Gunter, B., & Furnham, A. (1998). Children as consumers: A psychological analysis of the young people’s market. Routledge.
Google Scholar
46
-
Hall, Stuart. (1997). The television discourse - encoding and decoding. In: Gray, Ann; McGUIGAN, Jim. (Org.) Studies in culture: An introduction reader. Londres: Arnold,b, 28-34.
Google Scholar
47
-
Hamilton, K. & Catterall, M.. (2008). "I can do it!" consumer coping and poverty. Advances in Consumer Research, 35, 551–556.
Google Scholar
48
-
Hamilton, K., & Catterall, M. (2006). Consuming Love in Poor Families: Children's Influence on Consumption Decisions. Journal of Marketing Management, 22, 1031–1052. https://doi.org/10.1362/026725706778935655.
Google Scholar
49
-
Hennum,. N . (2014). Developing Child-Centered Social Policies: When Professionalism Takes Over. Social Sciences 3: 441–59.
Google Scholar
50
-
Hite, R.E. & Eck, R. (1987) Advertising to children: attitudes of business vs. consumers, Journal of Advertising Research, October/November, 40–53.
Google Scholar
51
-
Hobbs R., (2011). The State of Media Literacy: A Response to Potter. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 55(3), 419–430.
Google Scholar
52
-
Hoek, R., W., Rozendaal, E., van Schie, H., & Buijzen, M. (2020). Inhibitory control moderates the relation between advertising literacy activation and advertising susceptibility. Media Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2020.1856685.
Google Scholar
53
-
Holloway, S., L., & Pimlott-Wilson., H (2014). Enriching Children, Institutionalizing Childhood? Geographies of Play, Extracurricular Activities, and Parenting in England. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 104. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/00045608.2013.846167.
Google Scholar
54
-
Hudders, L., Cauberghe, V., Panic, K., & de Vos, W. (2017). Children’s advertising literacy for new advertising formats: The mediating impact of advertising literacy on the (un)intended effects of advergames and advertising funded programs. In P. Verlegh, H. Voorveld, & M. Eisend (Eds.), Advances in Advertising Research VI (pp. 241–252). Wiesbaden, Springer.
Google Scholar
55
-
Hudson, S., Hudson, D. & Peloza, J. (2008). Meet the Parents: A Parents’ Perspective on Product Placement in Children’s Films. J Bus Ethics, 80, 289–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9421-5.
Google Scholar
56
-
Isler, L., Popper, E. T., & Ward, S. (1987). Children’s purchase requests and parental responses: Results from a diary study. Journal of Advertising Research, 27(5), 29–39.
Google Scholar
57
-
Jain, A. (2010). Temptations in cyberspace: New battlefields in childhood obesity. Health Affairs, 29(3), 425–429.
Google Scholar
58
-
Jenks C. (1996). Childhood. Routldege: London.
Google Scholar
59
-
Jensen, T., (2018). Parenting the Crisis: The Cultural Politics of Parent-Blame. Policy Press.
Google Scholar
60
-
John, D. R. (1999). Consumer socialization of children: A retrospective look at twenty-five years of research. Journal of Consumer Research, 26(3), 183–213. https://doi.org/10.1086/209559.
Google Scholar
61
-
Karamanis, K., and Hyz, Α. (2014). Flexible Working and Unemployment in Greece: An Analysis and Review of the Evidenc. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4, 533–42. http://hrmars.com/index.php/journals/papers/IJARBSS/v4-i10/1248
Google Scholar
62
-
Kaur, P. & Singh, R. (2005) Conflict resolution in urban and rural families: a factor analytical approach. The Journal of Business Perspective, 9, 59–67.
Google Scholar
63
-
Kaur, P., Singh, R. (2006). Children in family purchase decision making in India and the West: A review. Academy of Marketing Science Review, 10(8), 1–31.
Google Scholar
64
-
Kentikelenis, A., Karanikolos, M., Reeves, A., McKee, M., and Stuckler, D. (2014). Greece’sHealth Crisis: From Austerity to Denialism. The Lancet, 383, No. 9918, February 22, pp. 748–753.http://www.gulbenkianmhplatform.com/conteudos/00/79/00/02/Greece%E2%80%99s-health-crisis_9280.pdf.
Google Scholar
65
-
Kerrane, B., & Hogg, M., & Bettany, S. (2012). Children's influence strategies in practice: Exploring the co-constructed nature of the child influence process in family consumption. Journal of Marketing Management, 28. 809-835. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2012.698633.
Google Scholar
66
-
Kochuyt, T., (2004). Giving Away One's Poverty. On the Consumption of Scarce Resources within the Family. The Sociological Review, 52. 139–161. 10.1111/j.1467-954X.2004.00462.x.
Google Scholar
67
-
Kunkel, D., Wilcox, B. L., Cantor, J., Palmer, E., Linn, S., & Dowrick, P. (2004). Report of the APA task force on advertising and children. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Google Scholar
68
-
Langer, B. (2002). Commodified Enchantment: Children and Consumer Capitalism. Thesis Eleven, 69, 67–81.
Google Scholar
69
-
Lawlor, M., & Prothero, A. (2008). Exploring Children's Understanding of Television Advertising-Beyond the Advertiser's Perspective. European Journal of Marketing, 42, 1203–1223. 10.1108/03090560810903646.
Google Scholar
70
-
Lemke, T. (2004). Marx sans guillemets: Foucault, la gouvernementalité, et la critique du néolibéralisme, in Actuel Marx, 36(2), 13–26.
Google Scholar
71
-
Levin, D. E., & Linn, S. (2004). The commercialization of childhood: Understanding the problem and finding solutions. In T. Kasser & A. D. Kanner (Eds.), Psychology and consumer culture: The struggle for a good life in a materialistic world (pp. 213–232). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10658-012.
Google Scholar
72
-
Linn S (2004). Consuming Kids: The Hostile Takeover of Childhood. New Press.
Google Scholar
73
-
Little, J., and Hoskins, M. (2004). It’s an acceptable identity: constructing ‘girl’ at the intersections of health, media and meaning-making. Child and Youth Services, 26(2), 75–93.
Google Scholar
74
-
Livingstone, S., & Helsper, E. (2006). Does advertising literacy mediate the effects of advertising on children? A critical examination of two linked research literatures in relation to obesity and food choice. Journal of Communication, 56(3), 560–584.
Google Scholar
75
-
Lobstein, T. (2013). Child obesity and the junk food marketeers. In J. Wild (Ed.), Exploiting childhood: How fast food, material obsession and porn culture are creating new forms of child abuse. (pp. 49–64). Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Google Scholar
76
-
Malmelin, N. (2010). What is Advertising Literacy? Exploring the Dimensions of Advertising Literacy. Journal of Visual Literacy, 29, 129–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/23796529.2010.11674677.
Google Scholar
77
-
Marsden, R. (1999). The Nature of Capital.Marx after Foucault, Routledge.
Google Scholar
78
-
Mertala, P., & Karikoski, H., & Tähtinen, L., & Sarenius, V. (2016). The Value of Toys: 6–8 -year-old children's toy preferences and the functional analysis of popular toys. International Journal of Play, 5. https://doi.org/10.1080/21594937.2016.1147291.
Google Scholar
79
-
Middleton, S., Ashworth, K. and Walker, R. (1994). Family fortunes: pressures on parents and children in the 1990s, CPAG Ltd.
Google Scholar
80
-
Mihailidis, P., & Ramasubramanian, S.,& Tully, M., & Foster B., B., & Riewestahl, E., & Johnson, P., & Angove, S. (2021). Do media literacies approach equity and justice? Journal of Media Literacy Education, 13, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.23860/JMLE-2021-13-2-1.
Google Scholar
81
-
Naderer, B., Borchers, N. S., Wendt, R., & Naab, T. (2021). Editorial: Advertising Literacy: How Can Children and Adolescents Deal with Persuasive Messages in a Complex Media Environment?. MedienPädagogik: Zeitschrift für Theorie Und Praxis Der Medienbildung, 43 (Advertising Literacy), i-vi. https://doi.org/10.21240/mpaed/43/2021.07.21.X.
Google Scholar
82
-
Nairn, A. & Berthon, P. (2003). Creating the customer. The influence of advertising on consumer market segments-Evidence and ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 42, 83–99.
Google Scholar
83
-
Nairn, A. (2013). Arguments, bullies and feeling poor: How consumer cultures affects children’s relationships. In Wild, J. (Ed.), Exploiting childhood: How fast food, material obsession and porn culture are creating new forms of child abuse (pp. 34–48). Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Google Scholar
84
-
Nairn, A., & Fine, C. (2008). Who’s messing with my mind? The implications of dual-process models for ethics of advertising to children. International Journal of Advertising, 27, 447–470.
Google Scholar
85
-
Nelson, M., R. (2016). Developing Persuasion Knowledge by Teaching Advertising Literacy in Primary School. Journal of Advertising, 45(2), 169–182.
Google Scholar
86
-
Neppl, T. K., Senia, J. M., & Donnellan, M. B. (2016). Effects of economic hardship: Testing the family stress model over time. Journal of Family Psychology, 30, 12–21.
Google Scholar
87
-
Newman, N., and Oates, C.J. (2014). Parental mediation of food marketing communications aimed at children. International Journal of Advertising, 33(3), 579–98.
Google Scholar
88
-
Nikolakaki, M. (ed.) (2011). Critical Pedagogy in the New Dark Ages: Challenges and Possibilities. Peter Lang.
Google Scholar
89
-
O’Rourke, V., Miller, S.J., & Dunne, L. (2019). Increasing the Advertising Literacy of Primary School Children in Ireland: Findings from a Pilot RCT. International Journal for Digital Society.
Google Scholar
90
-
Olson M, Fejes Α, Dahlstedt Μ and Nicoll, Κ. (2014) Citizenship discourses: Production and curriculum. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 36 (7), 1036–1053.
Google Scholar
91
-
Oral, C., & Thurner, J.-Y. (2019). The Impact of Anti-Consumption on Consumer Well-Being. International Journal of Consumer Studies. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12508.
Google Scholar
92
-
Pahlke, E., Bigler, R., & Martin, C. L. (2014). Can fostering children’s ability to challenge sexism improve critical analysis, internalization, and enactment of inclusive, egalitarian peer relationships? Journal of Social Issues, 70(1), 115–133.
Google Scholar
93
-
Palan, K., & Wilkes, R., (1997). Adolescent‐Parent Interaction in Family Decision Making. Journal of Consumer Research, 24, 159–69. https://doi.org/10.1086/209501.
Google Scholar
94
-
Palmer, S. (2006). Toxic Childhood: how the modern world is damaging our children and what we can do about it. London: Orion.
Google Scholar
95
-
Papanastasiou, S. & Papatheodorou, C.& Petmesidou, M. (2016).Child poverty and intergenerational poverty transmission in the EU: What is the impact of social protection policies and institutions? In Petmesidou, M., Papatheodorou, C., Delamonica E.& Aldrie H.-L. (Eds): Child Poverty, Youth (un) Employment and Social Inclusion, Stuttgart: CROP/ibidem, pp.67–89.
Google Scholar
96
-
Papatheodorou C, Papanastasiou, S. (2017) The State of the Children in Greece Report 2017-The children of the crisis. Hellenic National Committee for UNICEF, Athens.
Google Scholar
97
-
Papatheodorou, C. (2014) Economic crisis, poverty and deprivation in Greece: The impact of neoliberal remedies. In S. Mavroudeas (Ed) Greek capitalism in crisis: Marxist analyses, Routledge, pp. 179–195.
Google Scholar
98
-
Papatheodorou, C. and Dafermos, Y. (2010b). Dimensions of poverty and deprivation of the workers in Greece and the Attica, Athens, Hellenic Social Policy Association (in Greek). http://utopia.duth.gr/%7Echristos/papers/Working_Poor_Attica%20.pdf.
Google Scholar
99
-
Papatheodorou, Ch., & Papanastasiou, S. (2017). UNICEF Report: The Situation of Children in Greece. The children of the crisis, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317056784.
Google Scholar
100
-
Parton N (2014). The Politics of Child Protection. Contemporary Developments and Future Directions. Palgrave Macmillan.
Google Scholar
101
-
Pechtelidis, Y., and Stamou, AG. (2017). The “competent child” in times of crisis: a synthesis of Foucauldian with critical discourse analysis in Greek pre-school curricula. Palgrave Communications, 3:17065.
Google Scholar
102
-
Petmesidou, M. (2013). Crisis and austerity: A painful watershed for the Greek welfare state, Political Insight, Political Studies Association (8 November 2013) https://www.psa.ac.uk/insight-plus/blog/crisis-and-austerity-painful-watershed-greek-welfare-state
Google Scholar
103
-
Piacentini, M. and Mailer, G. (2004). Symbolic consumption in teenagers’ clothing choices. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 3(3), 251–63.
Google Scholar
104
-
Piachaud, D. (2007). Freedom to be a child: Commercial pressures on children. Social Policy and Society, 7(4), 445–456.
Google Scholar
105
-
Powell, S., Langlands, S. and Dodd, C. (2011). Feeding children's desires? Child and parental perceptions of food promotion to the “under 8s”. Young Consumers, 12(2), 96-109. https://doi.org/10.1108/17473611111141560.
Google Scholar
106
-
Puchner, L., Markowitz, L., & Hedley, M. (2015). Critical media literacy and gender: Teaching middle school children about gender stereotypes and occupations. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 7(2), 23–34.
Google Scholar
107
-
Pufall, P. and Unsworth, R. (2004). Rethinking childhood. Rutgers University Press.
Google Scholar
108
-
Qvortrup, J. (2008). Childhood and Politics. In Citizenship Education in Society: A Challenge for the Nordic Countries. Norwegian University for Science and Technology.
Google Scholar
109
-
Richard Elliott and Kritsadarat Wattanasuwan (1998). Consumption and the Symbolic Project of the Self. In E - European Advances in Consumer Research Volume 3, eds. Basil G. Englis and Anna Olofsson, Provo, UT : Association for Consumer Research, pp. 17–20.
Google Scholar
110
-
Richins, M., & Dawson, S. (1992). A consumer values orientation for materialism and its measurement: Scale development and validation. Journal of Consumer Research, 19, 303–316. https://doi.org/10.1086/209304.
Google Scholar
111
-
Robertson, T. S., Ward, S., Gatignon, H., & Klees, D. M. (1989). Advertising and children: A cross-cultural study. Communication Research, 16, 459–485.
Google Scholar
112
-
Roedder John, D. (2002). Consumer Socialization of Children – A Retrospective look at twenty-five years of research. In Hansen F., Rasmussen J., Martensen A. & Tufte B. (Eds.) Children – Consumption, Advertising and Media, Copenhagen Business School Press, pp. 25–89.
Google Scholar
113
-
Romagnoli, A., & Wall, G. (2012). ‘I know I'm a good mom’: Young, low-income mothers’ experiences with risk perception, intensive parenting ideology and parenting education programmes. Health, Risk & Society, 14, 273–289.
Google Scholar
114
-
Roper, S., & Shah, B., (2007). Vulnerable consumers: The social impact of branding on children. Equal Opportunities International, 26, 712–728. https://doi.org/10.1108/02610150710822339.
Google Scholar
115
-
Rose, N. (1989). Governing the Soul. London: Routledge.
Google Scholar
116
-
Sanders, R. E., Lehmann, J., & Gardner, F. (2014). Parents’ experiences of early parenthood – Preliminary findings. Children Australia, 39(3), 185–194.
Google Scholar
117
-
Schor, J.B. (2004). Born to Buy: the Commercialized Child and the New Consumer Culture, Scribner, NY.
Google Scholar
118
-
Sidebotham, P. (2001). Culture, stress and the parent–child relationship: A qualitative study of parents’ perceptions of parenting. Child: Care, Health and Development, 27(6), 469–485.
Google Scholar
119
-
Soss, J., Fording, R., and Schram. S., (2009). Governing the Poor: The Rise of the Neoliberal Paternalist State. In Proceedings of the 2009 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Toronto, ON, Canada, 1 4 September.
Google Scholar
120
-
Stanley, S., & Lawson, C. (2020). The effects of an advertising-based intervention on critical thinking and media literacy in third and fourth graders. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 12. 10.23860/JMLE-2020-12-1-1.
Google Scholar
121
-
Thurer, L., S. (2007). The Myths of Motherhood. Maternal Theory: Essential Readings.Ed. Andrea O’Reilly. Toronto: Demeter Press.
Google Scholar
122
-
Wade, T., Wilksch, S., Paxton, S., Byrne, S., & Austin, S. B. (2017). Do universal media literacy programs have an effect on weight and shape concern by influencing media internalization? International Journal of Eating Disorders. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.22689.
Google Scholar
123
-
Williams, D., & Martins, N., & Consalvo, M.,& Ivory, J. (2009). The virtual census: Representations of gender, race and age in video games. New Media & Society – NEW MEDIA SOC, 11, 815–834. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809105354.
Google Scholar
124
-
Yale Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity (2012). Trends in television food advertising to youth people: 2011 up- date. www.yaleruddcenter.org/resources/upload/docs/what/reports/RuddReport TVFoodAdvertising_5.12.pdf.
Google Scholar
125





