Exploring Higher Education Part-time Students’ Sense of Belonging: The Case of an Institution in Lesotho
Article Main Content
A sense of belonging is one of the fundamental human needs, which occurs when a person feels supported, accepted, and included in a variety of social situations. A university has a duty to create an atmosphere that encourages students to feel more a part of the campus community. That would enhance students’ success, achievement, motivation, and retention, as well as their wellness and mental health. The study explored the sense of belonging of part-time students enrolled in part-time programmes in higher education. A qualitative case study was conducted, and group interviews with first-year, second-year, and third-year students conveniently sampled produced the data to gain in-depth knowledge of part-time students’ sense of belonging. It was found that both full-time students and non-academic staff did not treat part-time students fairly during their stay on campus. Again, the study revealed that part-time students had no access to library facilities like full-time students do. On the other hand, students appreciated the support they received from their lecturers. It is recommended that higher institutions of learning improve students’ well-being and create a conducive environment for part-time students to feel accepted, respected and cared for.
References
- 
		                                    
			                                    Adams, J. D., Greenwood, D., Thomashow, M., & Russ, A. (2016). Sense of place. In A. Russ & M. Krasny (Eds.), Urban environmental education review (pp. 68-75). Cornell University Press. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 1
- 
		                                    
			                                    Agnew, J. (2011). Space and place. In J. Agnew & D. Livingstone (Eds.). The Sage handbook of geographical knowledge (pp. 316-330). Sage. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 2
- 
		                                    
			                                    Allen, K.-A., & Bowles, T. (2012). Belonging as a guiding principle in the education of adolescents. Australian Journal of Education and Development Psychology, 12, 108-119. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 3
- 
		                                    
			                                    Allen, K.-A., & Kern, M. L. (2017). The need to belong. In K.-A. Allen & M. L. Kern (Eds.), School belonging in adolescents: Theory, research and practice (pp. 5–12). Springer. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 4
- 
		                                    
			                                    Allen, K.-A., Kern, M. L., Rozek, C. S., McInerney, D. M., & Slavich, G. M. (2021). Belonging: a review of conceptual issues, an integrative framework, and directions for future research. Australian Journal of Psychology, 73(1), 87-102. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 5
- 
		                                    
			                                    Allen, K.-A., Slaten, C. D., Arslan, G., Roffey, S., Craig, H., & Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2021). School belonging: The importance of student and teacher relationships. In M. L. Kern & M. L. Wehmeyer (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of positive education (pp. 525-550). Palgrave Macmillan. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 6
- 
		                                    
			                                    Antonsich, M. (2010). Searching for belonging - An analytical framework. Geography Compass, 4(6), 644-659. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 7
- 
		                                    
			                                    Arslan, G., Allen, K. A., & Ryan, T. (2020). Exploring the impacts of school belonging on youth wellbeing and mental health among Turkish adolescents. The International Society of Child Indicators (ISCI), 13, 1619–1635. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 8
- 
		                                    
			                                    Barnes, R., Kelly, A. F., & Mulrooney, H. M. (2021). Student belonging: the impact of disability status within and between academic institutions. New Directions in the Teaching of Physical Sciences, 16(1). 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 9
- 
		                                    
			                                    Chakraborty, K. (2020). The politics of belonging: Anxiety and intimacy. In K. Chakraborty (Ed.). The politics of belonging in contemporary India: Anxiety and intimacy (pp. 1-18). Routledge. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 10
- 
		                                    
			                                    Chen, X., Paulsen, K., & Orum, A. (2018). Introduction to cities: How place and space shape human experience. Wiley Blackwell. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 11
- 
		                                    
			                                    Collins, J. (2021). Validation in doctoral education: Exploring PhD students’ perceptions of belonging to scaffold doctoral identity work. International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 16, 715–735. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 12
- 
		                                    
			                                    Cresswell, T. (2009). Place. In N. Thrift & R. Kitchen (Eds). International encyclopaedia of human geography Vol. 8 (pp. 169-177). Elsevier. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 13
- 
		                                    
			                                    Cross, J. E. (2001, November 2-4). What is sense of place?. Paper presented in 12th Headwaters Conference, Western State College. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 14
- 
		                                    
			                                    Dost, G., & Smith, L. M. (2023). Understanding higher education students’ sense of belonging: a qualitative meta-ethnographic analysis. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 47(6), 822-849. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 15
- 
		                                    
			                                    Dukynaitė, R., & Dudaitė, J. (2017). Influence of school factors on students’ sense of school belonging. The New Educational Review, 47, 39-52. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 16
- 
		                                    
			                                    Escalera-Reyes, J. (2020). Place attachment, feeling of belonging and collective identity in socio-ecological system: Study case of Pegalajar (Andalusia-Spain). Sustainability, 12(8), 33-88. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 17
- 
		                                    
			                                    Flick, U. (2014). An introduction to qualitative research (5th ed.). Sage Publications. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 18
- 
		                                    
			                                    Goodenow, C. (1993). The psychological sense of school membership among adolescents: Scale development and educational correlates. Psychology in the Schools, 30(1), 79-90. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 19
- 
		                                    
			                                    Gravett, K., & Ajjawi, R. (2021). Belonging as situated practice. Studies in Higher Education, 47(7), 1386-1396. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 20
- 
		                                    
			                                    Heale, R., & Twycross, A. (2018). What is a case study? Evidence Based Nursing, 21(1), 7-8. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 21
- 
		                                    
			                                    Helliwell, J. F., & Putnam, R. D. (2007). Education and social capital. Eastern Economic Journal, 33(1), 1-19. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 22
- 
		                                    
			                                    Hurtado, S., Han, J. C., Sáenz, V. B., Espinosa, L. L., Cabrera, N. L., & Cerna, O. S. (2007). Predicting transition and adjustment to college: biomedical and behavioral science aspirants' and minority students' first year of college. Research in Higher Education, 48(7), 841-887. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 23
- 
		                                    
			                                    Kudryavtsev, A., Stedman, R. C., & Krasny, M. E. (2012). Sense of place in environmental education. Environmental Education Research, 18(2), 229-250. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 24
- 
		                                    
			                                    Kruger, F. (2020). The movement of thought: Walking as decolonial praxis of knowledge growing. In M. Crul, L. Dick, H. Ghorashi, & A. Valenzuela Jr (Eds). Scholarly engagement and decolonisation: Views from South Africa, the Netherlands and the United States (pp. 323-342). African Sun Media. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 25
- 
		                                    
			                                    Lampinen, M.-S., Konu, A. I., Kettunen, T., & Suutala, E. A. (2018). Factors that foster or prevent sense of belonging among social and health care managers. Leadership in Health Services, 31(4), 468-480. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 26
- 
		                                    
			                                    Le Roux, A., & Groenewald, E. (2021). The elusiveness of a sense of place-belonging: One student's struggle on a diverse South African campus. Issues in Educational Research, 31(3), 854-870. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 27
- 
		                                    
			                                    Lestari, W. M., & Sumabrata, J. (2018). The influencing factors on place attachment in neighborhood of Kampung Melayu. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 126, 012190. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 28
- 
		                                    
			                                    Manka, M. (2022). Exploring the potential of Lesotho education policies to promote a sense of communitarian belonging (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Free State. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 29
- 
		                                    
			                                    Masterson, V. A., Stedman, R. C., Enqvist, J., Tengö, M., Giusti, M., Wahl, D., & Svedin, U. (2017). The contribution of sense of place to social-ecological systems research: a review and research agenda. Ecology and Society, 22(1), 49. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 30
- 
		                                    
			                                    Mulrooney, H. M., & Kelly, A. F. (2020). The university campus and a sense of belonging: what do students think? New Directions in the Teaching of Physical Sciences, 15(1). 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 31
- 
		                                    
			                                    Najafi, M., & Shariff, M. K. B. M. (2011). The concept of place and sense of place in architectural studies. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 5(8), 1054-1060. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 32
- 
		                                    
			                                    OECD. (2017). Students’ sense of belonging at school and their relations with teachers. In PISA 2015 results (Volume III): Students' well-being. OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/students-sense-of-belonging-at-school-and-their-relations-with-teachers_5jfxbg2lds9w.pdf. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 33
- 
		                                    
			                                    Osterman, K. F. (2000). Students' need for belonging in the school community. Review of Educational Research, 70(3), 323-367. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 34
- 
		                                    
			                                    Pedler, M. (2018). Teachers play a key role in helping students feel that they ‘belong’ at school. https://npjscilearncommunity.nature.com/posts/37352-teachers-play-a-key-role-in-helping-students-feel-they-belong-at-school. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 35
- 
		                                    
			                                    Pituła, B., & Wilczyńska, A. (2014). Teacher as an authority? Supporting the student's sense of belonging to the school community as a condition for their development and the teacher's success in educating. The New Educational Review, 37(3), 243-253. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 36
- 
		                                    
			                                    Riley, K. (2017). Re-creating schools as places of belonging: The art of possibilities. Professional Development Today, 19(2), 8-16. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 37
- 
		                                    
			                                    Riley, K. (2019). Agency and belonging: What transformative actions can schools take to help create a sense of place and belonging? Educational and Child Psychology, 36(4), 91-104. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 38
- 
		                                    
			                                    Slee, R. (2019). Belonging in an age of exclusion. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 23(9), 909-922. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 39
- 
		                                    
			                                    Smith, J. A. (2011). Evaluating the contribution of interpretative phenomenological analysis. Health Psychology Review, 5(1), 9-27. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 40
- 
		                                    
			                                    St-Amand, J., Girard, S., & Smith, J. (2017). Sense of belonging at school: Defining attributes, determinants, and sustaining strategies. IAFOR Journal of Education, 5(2) 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 41
- 
		                                    
			                                    Tabane, R., & Human-Vogel, S. (2010). Sense of belonging and social cohesion in a desegregated former House of Delegates School. South African Journal of Education, 30(3), 491-504. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 42
- 
		                                    
			                                    Taff, S. D., & Clifton, M. (2022). Inclusion and belonging in higher education: A scoping study of contexts, barriers, and facilitators. Higher Education Studies, 12(3), 122-133. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 43
- 
		                                    
			                                    Uslu, F., & Gizir, S. (2017). School belonging of adolescents: The role of teacher-student relationships, peer relationships and family involvement. Educational Sciences-Theory & Practice, 17(1), 63-82. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 44
- 
		                                    
			                                    Viola, J. K. (2021). Belonging and global citizenship in a STEM university. Education Sciences, 11(12), 803. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 45
- 
		                                    
			                                    Yeung, E., & Thomas, R. (2022). The 'long tail' of event management research: evidence from the field's main journals. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 14(2), 207-214. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 46
- 
		                                    
			                                    Yuval-Davis, N. (2006). Belonging and the politics of belonging. Patterns of Prejudice, 40(3), 197-214. 
                                                
                                                
 Google Scholar 47
Most read articles by the same author(s)
- 
													Motlalepula Alphonci Khumalo,
						                        
 Enhancing Digital Literacy for Learners in Inclusive Primary and Secondary Education in Lesotho , European Journal of Education and Pedagogy: Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025)
- 
													Motlalepula Alphonci Khumalo,
													Paseka Andrew Mosia,
						                        
 Reviewing Teachers' Preparedness to Adopt and Implement the Lesotho Inclusive Education Policy 2018 in Lesotho Schools , European Journal of Education and Pedagogy: Vol. 4 No. 5 (2023)
- 
													Malebohang Catherine Morena,
													Setho John Mokhetsengoane,
													Maqenehelo Letseka-Manka,
						                        
 The Experiences of Part-time Primary School Teachers Studying in One University in Lesotho , European Journal of Education and Pedagogy: Vol. 5 No. 2 (2024)
 
					 
								 
  
						 
						 
						




